How Do Living Things Interact - 1733 Words

Task one A). How do living things interact? Living things find a way to live off the land. Not with artificial flavouring or stuff like that. But it may not last unless we take good care of it. Living things interact by: 1). Viruses Learn about viruses and their surroundings, and how they are created. What is a Virus A virus s a small, NONLIVING particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell. Viruses are considered nonliving because they are not cells. They cannot: * use energy to grow * make food * take in food * produce waste Like living organisms: they do multiply. Examples of Viruses There are many viruses in the world. We have all experienced one at one time or another. If you have ever had the flu or†¦show more content†¦Everything else in the food chain is considered a consumer. Some animals (primary consumers) eat the plants. Some animals eat plant-eating animals (secondary consumers). Their predators are called tertiary consumers. The further away from the producers in the food chain, the less energy is obtained from the sun. A carnivore (an plant/animal that eats only meat) would be the furthest away from the suns energy. The Predator A plant or animal that preys on other animals for food. A nasty beast, we must say. Examples of predators include polar bears, tigers, walruses, the Venus flytrap and many, many more. The Prey The unlucky devil who gets eaten by the predator. They prey of a polar bear, for example, includes seals, walruses, small whales and others. Scavenger An animal that feeds on dead flesh or other decaying organic matter. They serve the purpose of removing decaying remains. Vultures are scavengers and feed on dead flesh. Symbiosis Symbiotic means, living together. This is a relationship in which in which at least one of the species benefits: * Mutual - If both organisms benefit in a symbiotic relationship, it is called mutualism. * Commensal - One of the organisms benefits, where the other was is unaffected. * Parasitic - One of the organisms benefits, where the other one is injured. Mutual Relationships Mutual relationships between plants and fungi are common. The fungus invadesShow MoreRelatedThe And Hopi And Zuni Tribes1741 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern humans came into being. The different cultures of the world have different ideas or stories of how humans came to be. The Hopi and Zuni tribes have creation stories that were passed from generation to generation. These stories claim that the world, despite being made before man, is meant to be ruled by and sustain mankind. Daniel Quinn’s novel, Ishmael, imagines its own creation myths to showcase how these stories work and the messages that they send. 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Argumentative Letter Free Essays

Jaclyn McGrew McGrew 1 English 1102 Robert Arnold 11-9-10 Mr. Plait and Mrs. Twomey, By what definition can we, as humans, go by that explains the phenomenal creatures called aliens? The most UFOistic meaning that you have described is â€Å"an extraterrestrial intelligent being, someone who lives on other planets out from Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (DeVore 4) With this I can agree, until you begin to depict an alien as a green monster with two fingers, three eyes, and the motives to take over our world.You both explain in this article that there is absolutely no way anyone or anything can live in our universe. While I can respect your theories and opinions, I can’t help but feel like you may be thinking slightly unrealistic, and I’ll tell you why. You speak about Evolution and how we were created by the sun. How do we know that each galaxy doesn’t have it’s own Earth? I am highly familiar with that theory and I can understand where you may draw those conclusions from.However, I would like to bring up another theory for your consideration. Fact: There are over 125 million predicted galaxy in the Universe, and over 200 billion stars just in our galaxy. â€Å"Say Evolution is in fact how we got here; couldn’t it have happened several other times? † (Eastman 2) Maybe in different galaxies? For all we know, one ore maybe more of the 200 billion other stars is a planet with some kind of life form, but we are not yet technologically advanced enough to find it. McGrew 2 That brings me to my second point: Technology.You state that, â€Å"the phenomenon is only real if it can be measured or detected through a well-known and active technique, such as x-ray cameras and infrared telescopes. † (Plait 2) While these tools would definitely help the questioning of this phenomenon, our world does not have the technology to venture very far. I believe that if, in fact, there is another form of life out there, it is a huge possibility that they are hundreds or thousands of years older than us, therefore they re more technologically advanced. An interesting theory to consider is just that.If this â€Å"other life form† is truly that advanced, wouldn’t it be possible for them to see us, even if we can’t see them? As a curious human being, I truly believe we must carefully consider every possibility, even if we don’t necessarily have concrete evidence. Thirdly, you specifically quote that, â€Å" many people think that hundreds of videos or thousands of photographs are evidence enough to demonstrate scientifically a fact; it is not. † (Plait 1) This statement brings up a very good point, however it initially leads me to ask a few questions concerning the Bible.As a Christian, I grew up on God’s word and the beliefe that we were created by God and all of us derived from Adam and Eve. Is the Bible not, in fact, a prime example of a tangible rebuttal against that sentence alone? What I am trying to get at here is this: millions of people spend their whole lives reading and believing the Bible, but have never actually seen evidence that it speaks the truth. Believing in the Bible without meeting Jesus in person is the same as believing in aliens without experiencing an abduction.So why is it so easy for us to believe in God but not extraterrestrials? McGrew 3 So many humans immediately think of the word â€Å"alien. â⠂¬  I want to know why aliens are supposedly taking over all of the time. Where did that theory or idea derive from? This leads me to my final argument and my depiction to your statement, â€Å" yes, it seems that people prefer to be deceived instead of plugging theirbrains with factual information. † ( ) Well, isn’t the fact that there re so many other galaxies out there a form of factual information?To me, this statement proves my point that we humans really need to start being more realistic. I am constantly asking bundles of â€Å"what-if† questions, but by doing so I am only led to research everything more in depth. In conclusion, I would like to leave you with a few small examples of other theories to consider: What if God is real, but created other planets just like that of our own? What if Evolution is how we were created and it happened multiple times in other galaxies? What if there are ther planets like ours, and what we consider â€Å"aliens† are exactly like us just thousands of years ahead technologically, explain ing UFO citings and recorded abductions. What if, in fact, Earth is a project of another world that is so advanced and genius that we are unable to even mentally fathom it? While I do and always will enjoy debating this topic, I believe in God and the creation story, but I also believe that is extremely naive for us to think we are alone. Thank you, Jaclyn McGrew How to cite Argumentative Letter, Essays

Public Health Global Warming

Question: Discuss about thePublic Healthfor Global Warming. Answer: Introduction This research paper is depicting one of the major issues in the modern context; that is the effect of global warming on the public health of Australia (Benenson, 1990). In the recent ear of technological revolution, like all the countries of the world Australia is also facing the issue of global warming. Besides affecting the ocean ecosystem, global warming also has its negative impact on the human beings (Wilks, 1993). Emission of green house gases leads to create global warming; as a result the temperature of the globe is rising (Miller, 2008). As per the experts, rise in the temperature is the major cause of various diseases in the country Australia. The global warming also upholds the ozone holes concerns that allow the harmful UV rays to enter into the ground (Brown, 2015). The UV rays are extremely harmful for the human as it may cause various skin diseases. So, in this situation to support public health, the Australian government has to take suitable strategies safeguard the p ublic health. Problem Statement Like every entity in the world, technological revolution also has its both advantages as well as disadvantages (Brown, 2015). The key issue faced by the whole world in the recent time is problem of global Warming. Like the rest of the world, Australia is also faces the problem of global warming. Besides affecting the environment, it also leads to cause harm to the people also (Miller, 2008). In this context, the Australian government should adopt necessary policies and guidelines for maintaining the public health effectively (Wilks, 1993). In this context, the problem statement can be described as What effective strategies Australian government should adopt to reduce the terrible affects of Global Warming on the health of general public? Source: https://www.nmsea.org/Curriculum/ 1 Fig: Variation in the temperature of the earth The above figure depicts the increase in the temperature of the global for the last couple of years that became one of the major causes of concern for the experts (Benenson, 1990). Identification of the problem statement is necessary for the purpose of understanding the major concerns related with the issues. In this case, the like all the countries Australia also suffers from the problem of global warming (Obituary, 1998). Australia is one of the developed economies of the world; as per the researchers the effects of global warming are mostly seen in the form of curse among the developed countries of the world. So, in this situation to save the residents of the country, the government has to take suitable tactics for managing the situation under control (Vacancies, 1998). Background of the Research The research work is based on the issue of effects of global warming on the health of common people of Australia and it also aims to identify the factors that should be focused by the Australian government in order to maintain put aside the resident from the curse of global warming (Obituary, 1998). As the whole research work is based on global warming; so it should first have to be understood what is global warming, what are the major causes of it, and how it affect the life of the common people (Brown, 2015). In addition, the other issues of the global warming are also have to be understood. The background part also includes the section of identification of the major aims of the research work (Christie, 1993). Global Warming In this case study, a brief idea about global warming is almost necessary (Vacancies, 1998). In accordance with the scientists, only a small portion of the heat that comes from the sun towards the earth is being able to reach to the ground (Christie, 1993). The atmosphere also absorbs a part of the heat energy; the rest portion of the heat energy is return backs. In the atmosphere, there is a layer of ozone gases that leads to prohibit the harmful UV rays coming from the sun to penetrate in the ground (Perkins, 2011). In the modern age of technological revolution, due to the rising environmental pollution there seen a significant increase in the green house gases that are the major cause of concern for the damage of the ozone layers of the atmosphere. The major green houses gases are carbon di oxide or CO2, carbon mono oxide or CO, nitrogen di oxide or NO2, sulfur di oxide or SO2 etc. With the increasing level of green house gases in the atmosphere, the thickness of the ozone layer i s get decreasing and this phenomena is known as Ozone holes (Christie, 1993). Due to the significant decrease in the ozone layer, the UV rays coming from the sun can be able to easily penetrate in the ground. These UV rays are very harmful for the human beings and lead to cause various diseases among the people (To abrupt change, 2011). In addition, the increasing level of green house gases in the atmosphere leads to increase the temperature of the earths environment. As a result, the average temperature of the earth is increasing day by day and people have to face various problems due to this. In addition, besides the harmful UV rays, the increasing temperature of the earth is also a matter of concern for the health of the human beings. Besides the human being, the global warming also causes major harm to the all living beings in the earth (To abrupt change, 2011). Source: https://www.google.com/ 2 Fig: Increase in the ground temperature of the country Australia Above graphical representation implies the variation in the ground temperature of Australia. This shows a considerable increase in the ground temperature of that country that became a major issue for the local government (Perkins, 2011). Major Causes of Global Warming Increase in the green house gases in the atmosphere leads to cause global warming (Perkins, 2011). The major green house gases like CO2, NO2, SO2 etc. are generated from the industrial purposes, transportations and also from other sources. Excessive use of petroleum products leads to emission of these green houses gases. In this context, the organizations have to follow all the necessary rules and regulations of environmental standards in order to lowering the emission of these types of green house gases (Preface, 1998). Besides the various green house gases, the carbon mono oxide gas also leads to cause harm to the ozone layers of the atmosphere that leads to cause the holes in ozone layers. So, in this scenario the Australian government should implement the necessary strategies for reducing the emissions of green house gases (Perkins, 2011). Effects of Global Warming Global warming became the major cause of concern for every country. It has various dangerous effects on the earth. Due to the ozone holes phenomena, the harmful UV rays can be able to easily penetrating in the earth that leads to cause various skin diseases of the people. In addition, it also leads to the risk of skin cancer (Maxcy et al., 1998). Global warming not only means the rise of the temperature of the environment; it also indicates the rising environmental pollution. Increasing environmental pollution leads to cause various diseases of the human beings (Coping with change, 2011). Besides the human beings, global warming also has its harmful effects on the other living beings like ocean animals and plants. Due to the global warming, the average temperature of the globe is increasing day by day that leads to cause harmful effects on the human beings (Preface, 1998). Besides this it also cause melting of glaciers. As a result, the sea level of the earth is also increasing day by day. Due to the global warming, there also seen effective changes in the rainfall patterns (To abrupt change, 2011). It also leads to damage the eco system of the earth that leads to cause harm to the ecological balance on the earth (Coping with change, 2011). Changes in the global temperature also are the major causes for the widespread of various diseases among all the countries of the world (Maxcy et al., 1998). How it Affects the Public Health of Australia The major cause of global warming is the increasing level of environmental pollutions due to the excessive use of petroleum products. The environmental pollution directly affects the public health of the country Australia. In the present time, most of the residents of the country are suffering from various types of health issues like heat problems, skin problems etc. (Coping with change, 2011). In addition, due the global warming the average temperature of the earth is also increasing; so the developed country is also faces the issue of widespread of various diseases due the changes in the global climates. In addition, the major concern of the global warming is the ozone holes issue that leads to cause major harm to the skins of the Australian (Global Warming, 1990). As a result of the ozone holes facts, the harmful Ultra violate rays can easily enter in the earth atmosphere that leads to cause various skin diseases among the Australian (Pringle, 1990). The increasing level of UV rays in the earths atmosphere leads to increase the probability of skin cancers among the Australian. Thus, the global warming has harmful impacts on the public health of Australia and the government has to take suitable steps for the betterment of their countrymen. As per the experts, due to the raise in the ground temperature of Australia, the threats of the diseases malaria, dengue fever and diarrhoeal are also increases significantly (Global Warming, 1990). Key Aims of the Research Work Identification of the major aims and objectives of the research work is also one of the major aspects of the research background. This research is mainly aiming to understand the fact of global warming. This also includes the process of identification of the major causes of the global warming and also to understand how it affects the Australians. In addition, this research work also depicts the various pre existing policies of the Australian government in order to save the people from the harmful effects of global warming (Global Warming, 1990). In this context, understanding of international safety standards is also essential. This research paper also suggested some strategies for the Australian government for reducing the effects of global warming on the public health (Pringle, 1990). For sustainable development of the country, the government has to take necessary strategies for reducing the effects of global warming. Pre-Existing Policies To fight with the issue of global warming, both the national and international bodies should work together as a team and also have to be coordinate with each other effectively (Public health, 1995). Under the international program of united nation in the field of maintaining environmental sustainability named as United Nations Environment Porgramme or UNEP, an international committee was set up in the year 1998 by world meteorological organization or WMO (Shopland, 1992). The committee was known as International Panel on climate change or IPCC. The main aim of this committee is to understand the major cause of global warming and green house effects. It was also aiming to identify the suitable strategies for controlling the situation effectively (Smith, 2014). The Australian government also already had taken various steps for understanding the major causes of green house effects. They also work together with Commonwealth scientific and Industrial Research Organization or CSIRO to observe the changes in the pattern of the climate of that country (Shopland, 1992). In addition, they also had taken the initiatives of Australian Climate Change Science Program or ACCSP in order to understand the consequences of the global warming phenomena in their country (Public health, 1995). Besides these, the Australian government also had taken the strategy of issuing some legal aspects for the industrialists such that they can be able to control the emission of green house gases (Maslin, 2004). The government started some schemes to reduce the effect of global warming. As per the cap and trade emissions trading schemes, the industrialists are allowed to emit a liable amount of green house gases at the cost of a prefixed price (Haugen, et al, 2010). The carbon tax legalization charged an amount for emission of every tones green house gases from their factories. In addition, they also started the baseline and credit schemes that states that the organizations didnt have to pay penalties if the emissions of green house gases from their plants are under the base line limits; but they have to pay penalty amount if the rate of emission exceeds baseline limits (Haugen, et al, 2010). Considerations Thus from the above analysis, it is understood that the Australian government has already adopted various legal actions for controlling the emission of green house gases (Haugen, et al, 2010). Their strategies for penalizing the industrial organizations for emitting lager amount of green house gases leads to prevent the business organizations to emit extra amount of green house gases than base value. Adding to this the government also needs to take various further tactics for controlling the situation as it is essential for promoting the public health of Australia (Holland, 2014). The government should encourage the industrialists to use renewable energy sources for their industrial purposes in order to reduce the emission of green houses gases as the renewable energy did not leads to cause global warming. Proper monitoring is also essential in this context (Smith, 2014). It can help the Australian government to properly uphold of the entire safety standards of the environmental sust ainability (Leifert, 2007). Adding to these, the government also should take necessary strategies for creating awareness among the people and the industrialists about the harmful effects of the green house gases. Besides the industrial bodies, the Australian government also should encourage the residents to use unconventional energy resources that also may leads to reduce the emission of green house gases (Maslin, 2004). Recommendations So, the recommendations to the Australian government for dropping the level of green house gas emissions are described as: Renewable energy Resources: To reduce the effects of global warming, the government has to focus on the alternative resources. Use of the renewable energy resources like solar cell helps to reduce the effects of global warming (Holland, 2014). For maintaining environmental sustainability, the organizations should utilize the unconventional energy resources. As the renewable energy resources did not emit toxic elements, so it may help to reduce the emission of green house gases. Continuous monitoring: Although the Australian government has utilized various norms to the industrial bodies for controlling the carbon emissions from their plants, in this context proper monitoring is also essential (Kerr, 2001). Besides this, the government also should encourage the business organizations to lowering the use of fossils fuels and use the renewable energy sources for maintaining environmental sustainability and promoting public health (Stainforth, 2014). Awareness programs: The excessive use of fossil fuels leads to cause global warming that has negative impact on the public health of Australia. So, in this context, the government should aware the countrymen for using the unconventional energy sources to reduce the green house gases (Leifert, 2007). Promoting this through proper marketing channels is also essential. The Australian government should promote this through both print media as well as electronic media. Being a developed country, the Australian are also connected through social media (Stainforth, 2014). So, in this context the government also should utilize the social media platform for promoting this information. Conclusion This research paper illustrates the effects of global warming on the public health of Australia. Global warming is caused mainly due to the emission of green house gases from the industrial areas and the transports (Holland, 2014). In addition with the increase in the temperature of the earth, the global warming also leads to damage the ozone layer that acts like a protecting shield of the earth (Stunted by climate, 2011). The UV rays can easily penetrate through the holes of the ozone layers and cause harm to the human. Thus the combined effects of global warming as well as ozone holes lead to act like the immense threats to the public health of the Australia (Kerr, 2001). To control this situation, the local government is working with the international bodies and also had taken various plans for well beings of the countrymen. Besides identifying the major causes of the global warming, this research paper also depicts the effects of it on the public health of Australia (Stunted by c limate, 2011). Adding to these, this research paper also suggested some strategies for the Australian government such that they can be able to reduce the threat of global warming for upholding the public health of the country. Annotated Bibliography Benenson, A. (1990).Control of communicable disease in man. Washington DC: The Association. Communicable diseases are very much predominant in the recent times. These are the infectious diseases caused in persons that are transmitted from one person to the other by coming in direct contact with each other. The communicable diseases also get transmitted when an individual discharges the diseases by indirect means. Brown, A. (2015). Climate science: Regional climate prediction.Nature Climate Change, 5(3), pp.193-193. The climatic changes are the main causes behind the cause of the communicable diseases. Sudden changes in the climate cause the people to come across various disease-borne viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, etc. that can lead to cause diseases in humans. Christie, I. (1993). Global warning global warming.Futures, 25(2), pp.215-217. Global warming is referred to as the increase in the average surface temperature of the Earth. This rise in the temperature is caused mainly due to the greenhouse gas effect such as deforestation or burning fossil fuels through which the carbon dioxide gets emitted. Coping with change. (2011).Nature Climate Change, 1(4), pp.226-226. The sudden climatic changes are very much harmful for the individuals. The public health is greatly affected due to the sudden climatic changes. The heath conditions of the humans are adversely impacted by the sudden climatic changes along with the natural as well as the health stressors made by humans. Global Warming. (1990).Science, 247(4945), pp.919-919. Global warming widely affects the public health. Excessive heat on the earths surface makes it difficult for the humans to maintain good health conditions. As the climate changes, the humans are posed directly with the risks of illness, injury and even death. Moreover, global warming can lead to increased heat waves, rise of floods, intense storms and wildfires. (1998).Public Health, 1, p.128. The health conditions of the humans are very much influenced by the climatic or environmental changes. As the climate changes, the humans fail to cope up with the sudden change immediately and thus they are exposed to several health related risks. References Haugen, D., Musser, S. and Lovelace, K. (2010).Global warming. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Holland, W. (2014).Oxford textbook of public health. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. Kerr, R. (2001). GLOBAL WARMING: Greenhouse Warming Passes One More Test.Science, 292(5515), pp.193-193. Leifert, H. (2007). Climate catastrophe.Nature Reports Climate Change, (0709), pp.50-50. Maslin, M. (2004).Global warming. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Maxcy, K., Rosenau, M., Last, J. and Wallace, R. (1998).Maxcy-Rosenau-Last public health preventive medicine. Stamford, Conn.: Appleton Lange. Miller, D. (2008).Global warming. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Obituary. (1998).Public Health, 1, p.156. Perkins, S. (2011). Atmospheric science: Climate commitment.Nature Climate Change. Perkins, S. (2011). Ecology: Climate relief.Nature Climate Change. Preface. (1998).Public Health, 1, p.1. Pringle, L. (1990).Global warming. New York: Arcade Pub. Public health. (1995). Irving, Tex.: Boy Scouts of America. Shopland, D. (1992).The Health consequences of smoking. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health. Smith, H. (2014). Deep-sea warming slows down global warming.Science, 345(6199), pp.886-887. Stainforth, D. (2014). Climate projection: Testing climate assumptions.Nature Climate Change, 4(4), pp.248-249. Stunted by climate. (2011).Nature Climate Change, 1(8), pp.424-424. To abrupt change. (2011).Nature Climate Change, 1(4), pp.173-173. Wilks, D. (1993). Global Warning . . . Global Warming.Journal of Environment Quality, 22(4), p.872.

HRM practices worlwide Essay Example

HRM practices worlwide Essay Building the National HR Competency Model: The four pillars of Professionalism By Marius Meyer, CEO: SA Board for People Practices (SABPP) Last month we introduced you to the new national HR Competency Model of the SA Board for People Practices (SABPP). As the HR standards-setting and professional body for HR, the aim of the model is to set a national standard for HR competence, and to provide HR professionals with a common framework for developing the required competencies in meeting the national standard. The model recognises that HR professionals are at different levels, specialisations and stages in their careers, et a common framework is intended to provide focus, consistency and development opportunities. SA Board for People Practices www. sabpp. co. za The competency model consists of three broad competence areas: 1 . The four pillars of professionalism form the square shape of the house as the foundation for professional HR practice. 2. Five core competencies needed by HR professionals to do high quality HR work constitute the building blocks. 3. Five HR capabilities required to ensure strategic HR impact form the roof. In this article we focus on the pillars of professionalism, i. e. duty to society, ethics, rofessionalism, as well as HR and Business knowledge. The central argument is that for HR to have an impact at the strategic and governance levels of organisations, we first need to get the basics right, not only to be regarded as true professionals, but also to develop our competence at the basic entry level where any profession gains stature and credibility, as the foundation of competence in any profession. We will write a custom essay sample on HRM practices worlwide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on HRM practices worlwide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on HRM practices worlwide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer PILLARS OF HR PROFESSIONALISM Drawing on the doctoral study by Penny Abbott at the University of Johannesburg, and masters dissertation of Huma van Rensburg at the University of Pretoria, but eworked as part of the new national HR competency model, the four pillars of HR professionalism form the foundation of the HR Competency Model: 2 Duty to society: Penny Abbott highlighted the socio-economic role of HR in society. HR professionals have a duty to society in delivering high quality HR work that has an impact on society. As professionals it is our duty to ensure that employers comply with labour and other relevant legislation and codes of good practice. We also need to be the custodians for good people practices in organisations, and ensure that people are treated fairly, and with respect and dignity. Furthermore, HR competence in driving effective transformation, skills development, sustainability and BBBEE interventions contributes significantly in fulfilling our duty to society. In addition, meeting or exceeding international labour standards such as the guidelines of the International Labor Organization epitomises our commitment and duty to society. On the negative side, but consistent with the standards and approaches used by other professional bodies, SABPP needs to ensure that registered HR professionals who do not meet professional and ethical standards are scrapped from the HR register of rofessionals. In this way, we fulfill our duty to society by protecting society (employees, employers and broader society) against unprofessional and unethical practitioners. Ethics: HR professionals should contribute to ethics in organisations and drive ethics in accordance with the SABPP Ethical Code and HR Guide on Ethics. Hence, competence in the area of ethics enables HR professionals to support management teams in meeting the ethical requirements of the King Ill Code on Governance for South Africa, as well as the requirements of the Companies Act. On he one hand, we need to behave ethically as HR professionals and meet our own national professional code of ethics irrespective of where we do HR work. On the other hand, HR professionals have to play a proactive role in driving ethics and values within their organisations in accordance with the espoused values and principles of their companies. Thus, HR professionals become champions of ethics, integrity and honesty in the workplace. The real test of HR competence in the area of ethics is whether we can challenge and influence management in creating an ethical alues-driven organisational culture. Professionalism: HR professionals should manage themselves professionally in acting and behaving like true professionals in the standard of HR work they deliver. Competence as a professional constitutes two areas of competency, i. e. etting the basics of professionalism right, and secondly to provide professional approaches to HR problems and issues in the workplace. The ability to analyse problems in a professional and systematic way, and to deliver professionalism is all about. The basics of professionalism are to get the few ssential professional work skills right, for example doing your homework about an issue, preparing a high quality professional report or presentation, and providing appropriate feedback and measurements abou t the solutions implemented. HR and Business knowledge: HR professionals must have good HR and sound business knowledge if they want to be successful as professionals and strategic partners. HR professionals need sound HR knowledge of all aspects of HR, from HR planning and recruitment, right through to exit strategies. While functional experts such as organisation development or remuneration specialists require in-depth nowledge of their specialist areas, all HR generalists need to have sound knowledge of all HR functions in order to deliver integrated HR solutions. In 3 addition to HR knowledge, HR professionals must possess business knowledge to ensure alignment between HR work and the needs of the business. Therefore, the importance of sound business acumen to enable and compliment the execution of professional HR work can not be over-emphasised. CONCLUSION The new SABPP HR Competency model sets the benchmark for HR professionalism in the modern South African work environment. Considering the four pillars outlined in this article, one could say that our duty to society forms the foundation of the HR competency house. In essence, our duty to society compels us to answer the question: What difference do we make as HR professionals to our organisations and the society in which we operate? Ethics and professionalism are the walls. If the foundation and walls are not strong, the house will fall down. Furthermore, HR and business knowledge is the ceiling of the house, thus acquiring sound HR and business knowledge opens up opportunities for HR professionals to move to the trategic level of the HR house, i. e. the roof. Ultimately, all professions are guided by similar pillars, although the context differs from profession to profession. Building the HR profession on a strong foundation and grounded in the four pillars, HR professional competence does not only resolve around the need for getting its own house in order, it also positions HR at a comparable level of competence to other professions. However, our credibility as HR professionals will depend on our ability to continuously develop our competence in the four pillars of the HR profession in order o raise to the level of excellence expected from our stakeholders. Acknowledgements: SABPP acknowledges the masters dissertation of Huma van Rensburg completed at Johannesburg as the conceptual background to this article. We thank Alan Hosking for publishing the model in the countrys top HR magazine, HR Future. For more information about HR Future, go to www. hrfuture. net and for more information about SABPP, visit www. sabpp. co. za Comments about the new HR Competency model are very welcome and will be used for further refinement and development, please send your views to [emailprotected] co. za. 4

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Supplements essays The effects of Androstenedione vs. DHEA supplementation in men. Androstenedione is a popular and widely used supplement among body builders and athletes. Dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA is a wellknown precursor to testosterone, as well as a special interest as an anti aging supplement. Both supplements have been criticized for their ineffectiveness or lack of proof. Androstenedione has become extremely popular since, once home run, king Mark Mc Gwire admitted to using it during his extremely popular home run race in 1998. The NFL, the International Olymipic Committee and NHL have banned the use of it. Androstenedione is a natural precursor to testosterone. The adrenal glands and gonads produce Androstenedione. In the liver Androstenedione can be converted to testosterone and back depending on the need (1). The anabolic effects that testosterone displays are what is desired by users. Androstenedione can also be converted to estrone, a predominantely female hormone (2). This conversion is responsible for many of the possible negative side effects. The recommended dosage of androstenedione is 25mg to 100mg daily. Most supplement companies have made claims that androstenedione can boost testosterone. There have been no studies done to date that androstenedione boosts testosterone enough to achieve any anabolic effects. There have been many independant studies that claim a 211% to 337% raise in serum testosterone levels but only for a limited amount of time. In a study called the acute effects of androstendione supplementation in healthy young they examined the effects of andr o supplementation on the hormone profile of 10 young males and its interaction males with resistance exercise. The test subjects were given 200mg of androstenedione for 2 days and then 2 weeks later they were given either androstenedione or a placebo. On the second day they performed resistance exercises. There was a 2-3 fold increase in an...

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